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Introduction to Lung and Airway Disorders of Dogs

Introduction to Lung and Airway Disorders of Dogs
date February 3, 2025
The respiratory system consists of the large and small airways and the lungs. When a dog breathes air in through its nose or mouth, the air travels down the trachea, which divides into the tubes known as the right and left bronchi, then into the smaller airways called bronchioles in the lungs. The bronchioles end in the small sacs called alveoli, where the barrier between the air and the blood is a thin membrane.
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Noninfectious Diseases of the Urinary System in Dogs
date February 3, 2025
There are a variety of noninfectious disorders that can impair the urinary system. All of these diseases and conditions can be serious threats to the health of your dog.   Kidney Dysfunction The kidneys’ most important function is to filter waste from the blood. When this does not happen, waste products can build to dangerous levels in the blood. This is called azotemia
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Infectious Diseases of the Urinary System in Dogs
date February 3, 2025
Most infections of the urinary system are caused by bacteria. The infection usually develops when bacteria enter the body through the urethra. The bacteria then travel to the bladder, and in some cases they set up an infection there. Sometimes bacteria continue to move up the urinary tract to the kidneys, which can result in kidney infection (pyelonephritis). There are several factors that increase the risk of urinary system infection. These include problems with uri
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Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Urinary System in Dogs
date February 3, 2025
Certain urinary tract abnormalities are inherited or congenital (present at birth). These abnormalities are caused by abnormal genes or produced by injury, disease, or exposure to toxic substances in the womb. They may or may not cause health problems later in your pet’s life. They are rare, but important to consider, if your dog has urinary tract problems.   Disorders of the Kidneys There are many congenit
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Detecting Disorders of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract in Dogs
date February 3, 2025
Your veterinarian can diagnose many common problems with the urinary system by taking a history of how your dog has acted in the days prior to its becoming sick, performing a physical examination, and performing tests on the dog’s blood and urine. The history that your veterinarian takes might include information regarding changes in how much water your pet drinks, how often it urinates, how much urine it produces, how the urine looks, and how your pet behaves. Your veterinarian
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The Urinary System of Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The urinary system or tract includes the kidneys, the ureters (tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder), the b
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Gammopathies in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The body sometimes produces too many antibodies (immunoglobulins). Gammopathies are conditions in which there is a dramatic rise in the production of antibodies. There are 2 general types: polyclonal and monoclonal. In polyclonal gammopathies, levels of all the major immunoglobulins are increased. In monoclonal gammopathies, the levels of only a single type of immunoglobulin are increased. Polyclonal gammopathies may occur whe
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Immune System Tumors in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
Cancer occurs when cells grow out of control. This can happen with the cells of the immune system. The tumor cells do not usually perform normal functions, which leads to immunodeficiencies. The normal immune system requires a rapid increase in the growth of lymphocytes to fight foreign invaders. On occasion however, this increase in the growth of lymphocytes may be uncontrolled and can lead to the production of mutated cells, which
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Immune-deficiency Diseases in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
Immune-deficiency diseases have serious consequences and often lower the body’s defenses against infection. Some are inherited, and others are caused by viral infections or cancer.   Deficiencies in Phagocytosis Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism of the immune system. Phagocytes are cells that engulf (phagocytize), digest, and kill foreign invaders. Phagocytes rapidly respond to infections as part of th
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Disorders Involving Cell-mediated Immunity (Type IV Reactions) in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
This type of reaction occurs when specific types of white blood cells (called T helper cells) respond to antigens and release toxic and inflammatory substances that can damage tissues. Cell-mediated immune reactions can occur in any organ. Treatment usually involves eliminating the offending antigen (if possible) and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs that suppress the immune system, either alone or in combination.  
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