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Disorders Involving Cell-mediated Immunity (Type IV Reactions) in Dogs

Disorders Involving Cell-mediated Immunity (Type IV Reactions) in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
This type of reaction occurs when specific types of white blood cells (called T helper cells) respond to antigens and release toxic and inflammatory substances that can damage tissues. Cell-mediated immune reactions can occur in any organ. Treatment usually involves eliminating the offending antigen (if possible) and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs that suppress the immune system, either alone or in combination.  
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Disorders Involving Immune Complexes (Type III Reactions) in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
When antibodies bind to persistent antigens, they can create immune complexes. These antigen-antibody complexes can get lodged in small blood vessels and stimulate inappropriate inflammation of the surrounding tissue. Immune complex disorders are among the most common immune-mediated diseases. The location in the body where the immune complexes are deposited determines the signs and the course of the disease.   Glomerulonephritis
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Disorders Involving Cytotoxic Antibodies (Type II Reactions) in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
Type II reactions occur when an antibody binds to an antigen present at the surface of its own cells. These reactions can lead to several types of diseases in dogs, including anemia, blood clotting problems, and skin and muscle disorders. They may be associated with other immune system disturbances, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, or triggered by a drug, vaccine, or infection. Most often, the triggering cause cannot be pinpointed. Immune-mediated hemolytic anem
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Disorders Involving Anaphylactic Reactions (Type I Reactions, Atopy) in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
In a Type I reaction, the animal has been previously exposed to an antigen and produces an excess of antibodies. If this antigen appears in the blood, the reaction can be either body-wide (such as anaphylactic shock) or localized (such as itchy patches on the skin). If the antigen enters through the skin, a localized reaction is more common.   Anaphylactic Shock Anaphylactic shock
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Immune System Responses in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The primary role of the immune system is to defend the body against foreign invaders or abnormal cells that invade or attack it. In order to do this, the immune system must distinguish between “self” and “non-self.” By recognizing invading microorganisms (such as viruses), chemical agents, or other foreign substances that are “non-self,” a body can protect itself from attack. Substances that stimulate an immune response in the body are called antigens. A
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The Immune System of Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The immune system consists of a network of white blood cells, antibodies, and other substances that fight off infections and reject foreign proteins ( see Table: Specialized Cells and Molecules of the Immune System). In addition, the immune system includes several organs. Some, such as the thymus gland and the bone marrow, are the sites where white blood cells are produced. Others, including the spleen and lymph nodes, trap microorganisms and forei
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Neuroendocrine Tissue Tumors in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
Neuroendocrine tissues are tissues that have both nervous system and hormone-producing functions. They are found in a number of locations throughout the body. Tumors develop occasionally from neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal or thyroid glands, digestive tract, or pancreas. These tumors can be benign or malignant. Even if benign, a growing tumor can disrupt nearby normal tissues and, in some cases, secrete excess hormone. Insulinomas
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Disorders of the Thyroid Gland in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The thyroid gland is a 2-lobed gland in the neck. It produces iodine-containing hormones, the most important of which are T3 and T4 , which affect many processes in the body. In general, the thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, or the speed at which body processes “run.” Too little hormone causes body processes to be sluggish. Too much causes them to run too fast. The secretion of thyroid h
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Disorders of the Pituitary Gland in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The pituitary gland is located near the center and bottom of the brain. It produces a number of critical hormones that control many parts of the body, including several other endocrine glands. Because of this central role, it is sometimes called a “master gland.” Because large numbers of hormones are produced by the pituitary gland, a variety of different conditions can be caused by pituitary disease or tumors. The specific illness and signs depend on the cause and t
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Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands and of Calcium Metabolism in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The way in which the body processes calcium and phosphate, the function of vitamin D (which acts more like a hormone than a vitamin), and the formation of bone are all tied together into a system that involves 2 other hormones—parathyroid hormone and calcitonin—that are secreted by the parathyroid and thyroid glands. Disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism that affect the skeletal system are discussed in the chapter on bone, joint, and mus
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