Avian nutrition has greatly improved in recent decades but remains a common problem for pet birds. Formulated diets in pellet form and even organic formulated diets are now available, and domestically raised birds generally accept these readily. However, the nutritional requirements for individual species are still largely unknown. Many birds are still fed inadequate diets. The two most common reasons for malnutrition include allowing birds to choose what they want t
Like people, birds can break bones and develop diseases that cause problems with their musculoskeletal system. In this section, some of the most common problems involving bones and muscles in birds are covered.
Fractures
Birds do break bones and suffer joint dislocations. These problems can be challenging to treat, because some of the bones are pneumatic (air filled) structures that are part
Swelling and inflammation of the eyes is called conjunctivitis. It may be an infection of just the eye, often caused by bacteria, or it may be a sign of a more widespread respiratory infection.
Inflammation of the internal structures of the eye is called uveitis, which may be a sign of a generalized disease. If the inflammation goes untreated, it may lead to the format
Diabetes mellitus is uncommon and can be challenging to diagnose. It does occur in pet birds and causes signs similar to those seen in people with diabetes, including passing a large volume of urine, excessive thirst, and high sugar (glucose) levels in the blood and urine. Diabetes is often seen in birds that are overweight or that have pancreatic or reproductive problems. A veterinarian can diagnose diabetes by laboratory blood testing. Depending on the speci
Birds have various digestive disorders, including infections and parasites, that can cause problems. The next section discusses some of the more commonly seen disorders in detail.
Avian Gastric Yeast (Macrorhabdosis)
Avian gastric yeast (Macrorhabdus ornithogaster) often colonizes the digestive tract of birds. It i
Some older birds develop signs of chronic heart disease, such as an inability to move or fly without discomfort and shortness of breath or other breathing difficulties. As birds live longer and diagnostic techniques improve, cardiac disease is being diagnosed more often. The ability to diagnose some forms of avian heart disease, using the same techniques (x-rays, CT scans, electrocardiograms, and echocardiograms) as in people, has progressed rapidly over the past dec
Many of the most common causes of illness or death in birds are due to poor husbandry practices that result in nutritional deficiencies, trauma or poisoning due to household hazards, and unsanitary housing conditions. All of these can be prevented or minimized by providing proper care. Other causes of illness include parasites and bacterial, viral, or fungal infections that can be spread by exposure to sick birds or lack of good sanitation.
It is important to
All birds reproduce by laying eggs. Eggs are produced inside the female and then deposited in a nest. In captive female birds, egg laying, which is actually the equivalent of ovulation in mammals, can happen without fertilization or even the presence of a male. In some species, both female and male birds sit on the nest, while other species either leave this chore to the female only or leave it to nature to provide the warmth needed by the developing chick. In most s
While time outside a cage can be a positive experience your bird, it can also be dangerous, especially for small birds that can be easily stepped on or injured in falls. Birds also do not understand the nature of glass windows or mirrors. Like wild birds that fly into windows from the outside, pet birds can be injured flying into these barriers. Birds outside their cages should be carefully monitored to ensure they cannot escape and to avoid accidents and injury. All
Birds, like all pets, require routine care and grooming. The next section covers the specifics of routine care for pet birds.
Wing Clipping or Trimming
Some people choose to trim their birds’ wings, whereas others do not. Wing trims help protect against loss or escape of pet birds but are not a foolproof way of preventing escape. A bird that can only glide indoors may be able to fly away on a