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Transmissible Venereal Tumor in Dogs

Transmissible Venereal Tumor in Dogs
date February 3, 2025
Transmissible venereal tumors are cancerous tumors of the genitalia in dogs. The tumor cells are passed from dog to dog during breeding. They form cauliflower-like masses that range in size from small (less than 5 millimeters wide) to large (more than 10 centimeters wide). The surface is often ulcerated and inflamed and bleeds easily. The tumors may be single or multiple. Although they are almost always located directly on the genitalia, they may be passed on to the adjacent skin or the
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Brucellosis in Dogs
date February 3, 2025
Brucellosis is infection with the bacteria Brucella canis. In dogs, it leads to miscarriage, infection of the sexual organs in males, and infertility. The disease occurs throughout the world, and this species of bacteria primarily affects dogs. It spreads rapidly among closely confined dogs. Infection is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated materials or via sexual transmission. Both sexes appear to be equally susceptible. The primary sign
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Mammary (Breast) Tumors in Dogs
date February 3, 2025
The frequency of mammary tumors in different species varies tremendously. The dog is by far the most frequently affected domestic species, with a rate that is about 3 times that found in women. About half of all tumors in female dogs are mammary tumors. Approximately 45% of canine mammary tumors are malignant (cancerous). Mammary glands and tumor, dog
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Reproductive Disorders of Female Dogs
date February 3, 2025
There are many reproductive diseases that can affect female dogs. The most common diseases are discussed in this section.   Abnormal or Difficult Birth (Dystocia) Many factors can cause a difficult birth (dystocia), including uterine problems, a too-small birth canal, an oversized fetus, or abnormal position of the fetus during birth. Some breeds, such as Boxers, are more likely to have difficult births tha
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Reproductive Disorders of Male Dogs
date February 3, 2025
Several reproductive diseases can affect male dogs. This section discusses the most common of these disorders.   Cryptorchidism Cryptorchidism is a failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum. It is the most common disorder of sexual development in dogs. The condition has a genetic basis and can be inherited from either parent. If both testicles are affected, the dog is sterile. Because the
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Infertility in Dogs
date February 3, 2025
Proper ovulation in females and ejaculation of fertile and normal sperm by males are regulated through a sequence of events in the brain, nervous system, and sexual organs. For best results, ovulation and deposition of semen into the female genital tract must be closely synchronized. Failure of any step in either sex leads to infertility or sterility. The ultimate result of infertility is the failure to produce offspring. In females, infertility may be due to improper timing of b
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Management of Reproduction in Dogs
date February 3, 2025
Dogs can be bred naturally or artificially. Artificial reproduction techniques include insemination with fresh, chilled, or frozen-thawed semen. Because male dogs are more likely to breed successfully in their home environment, females are generally taken to the male rather than the reverse. Female dogs usually have estrous cycles twice a year, but the interval between cycles can range from 4 to 13 months. The average interval between cycles is 7
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The Gonads and Genital Tract of Dogs
date February 3, 2025
Both sexes have a pair of sexual organs or gonads (ovaries or testes), the main functions of which are to produce eggs or sperm, respectively, and hormones.   The Ovaries Ovaries are female gonads that produce eggs and female sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is necessary for the development of eggs, and progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy. Once puberty is reached and th
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Introduction to Reproductive Disorders of Dogs
date February 3, 2025
The reproductive system is the group of organs that produce offspring. In both males and females, the reproductive system is composed of primary sex organs and primary regulatory centers. The primary sex organs are the testes and genital tract in males and the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus in females. The primary regulatory centers are in the brain (the pituitary gland and hypothalamus). They control the production of hormones that in turn influence the function of the primary se
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