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The Immune System of Dogs

The Immune System of Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The immune system consists of a network of white blood cells, antibodies, and other substances that fight off infections and reject foreign proteins ( see Table: Specialized Cells and Molecules of the Immune System). In addition, the immune system includes several organs. Some, such as the thymus gland and the bone marrow, are the sites where white blood cells are produced. Others, including the spleen and lymph nodes, trap microorganisms and forei
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Neuroendocrine Tissue Tumors in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
Neuroendocrine tissues are tissues that have both nervous system and hormone-producing functions. They are found in a number of locations throughout the body. Tumors develop occasionally from neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal or thyroid glands, digestive tract, or pancreas. These tumors can be benign or malignant. Even if benign, a growing tumor can disrupt nearby normal tissues and, in some cases, secrete excess hormone. Insulinomas
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Disorders of the Thyroid Gland in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The thyroid gland is a 2-lobed gland in the neck. It produces iodine-containing hormones, the most important of which are T3 and T4 , which affect many processes in the body. In general, the thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, or the speed at which body processes “run.” Too little hormone causes body processes to be sluggish. Too much causes them to run too fast. The secretion of thyroid h
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Disorders of the Pituitary Gland in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The pituitary gland is located near the center and bottom of the brain. It produces a number of critical hormones that control many parts of the body, including several other endocrine glands. Because of this central role, it is sometimes called a “master gland.” Because large numbers of hormones are produced by the pituitary gland, a variety of different conditions can be caused by pituitary disease or tumors. The specific illness and signs depend on the cause and t
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Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands and of Calcium Metabolism in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The way in which the body processes calcium and phosphate, the function of vitamin D (which acts more like a hormone than a vitamin), and the formation of bone are all tied together into a system that involves 2 other hormones—parathyroid hormone and calcitonin—that are secreted by the parathyroid and thyroid glands. Disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism that affect the skeletal system are discussed in the chapter on bone, joint, and mus
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Disorders of the Pancreas in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The pancreas is composed of several types of cells that have distinct functions involved in the production of hormones and digestive enzymes. The exocrine pancreas produces enzymes that are essential for the digestion of complex dietary components such as proteins, triglycerides, and complex carbohydrates. The exocrine pancreas also secretes large amounts of bicarbonate, which buffers stomach acid. Disorders of the exocrine pancreas a
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Disorders of the Adrenal Glands in Dogs
date January 31, 2025
The adrenal glands are located just in front of the kidneys. The adrenal gland has 2 parts—the cortex and the medulla. The adrenal cortex is subdivided into 3 layers, and each layer produces a different set of steroid hormones. The outer layer produces the mineralocorticoids, which help to control the body’s balance of sodium and potassium salts. The middle layer produces glucocorticoids, which are involved in met
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Introduction to Hormonal Disorders of Dogs
date January 31, 2025
Hormones are chemical messengers that have many different functions. The effects of hormones in the body are wide-ranging and varied. Some familiar examples of hormones include insulin, which is important in the development of diabetes, and estrogen and progesterone, which are involved in the female reproductive cycle. The endocrine system consists of a group of tissues that release hormones into the bloods
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Blood Clots and Aneurysms in Dogs
date January 30, 2025
A thrombus is a blood clot that may form when the blood flow of an artery or vein is restricted, when the lining of a blood vessel is damaged, or when another condition causes a dog to produce clots excessively. They can form in the heart or within blood vessels. It frequently causes obstruction to blood vessels at its site of origin. All or part of a clot may break off and be carried through the bloodstream as an embo
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Heartworm Disease in Dogs
date January 30, 2025
Heartworm disease is a potentially fatal, but preventable, infection caused by a worm parasite, Dirofilaria immitis. The organism is transmitted by mosquitoes, which carry the heartworm larvae (called microfilariae) from an infected animal host to a new animal host. Once the larvae arrive in a new host, they grow into adult worms in several months and live in the blood vessels that serve the heart and lungs. In advanced infections, the heartworms
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