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The Urinary System of Cats

The Urinary System of Cats
date February 4, 2025
The urinary system or tract includes the kidneys, the ureters (tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder, and the urethra (the tube through which urine exits the body). The urinary system has several important functions. It gets rid of the waste products that are created when food is transformed into energy. It also maintains the correct balance of water and electrolytes (salts) needed for the body’s cells. Another key function is the production of erythropoietin and r
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Gammopathies in Cats
date February 4, 2025
The body sometimes produces too many antibodies (immunoglobulins). Gammopathies are conditions in which there is a dramatic rise in the production of antibodies. There are 2 general types: polyclonal and monoclonal. In polyclonal gammopathies, levels of all the major immunoglobulins are increased. In monoclonal gammopathies, the levels of only a single type of immunoglobulin are increased. Polyclonal gammopathies
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Immune System Tumors in Cats
date February 4, 2025
Cancer occurs when cells grow out of control. This can happen with the cells of the immune system. The tumor cells may not perform normal functions, which can lead to immunodeficiencies. Alternatively, tumor cells can be functional and produce large numbers of antibodies. The normal immune system requires a rapid increase in the growth of lymphocytes to fight foreign invaders. On occasion, this increase in the growth of lymphocytes m
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Immune-deficiency Diseases in Cats
date February 4, 2025
Like people, cats can develop diseases and conditions that impair the function of their immune systems. Immune deficiency diseases have serious consequences and often lower the body’s defenses against infection. Some are inherited, and others are caused by viral infections (for example, feline immunodeficiency virus infection), malnutrition, stress, poisons, or cancer. Animals with inherited immune deficiency should not be bred.  
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Disorders Involving Cell-mediated Immunity (Type IV Reactions) in Cats
date February 4, 2025
This type of reaction occurs when specific kinds of white blood cells (called T helper cells) respond to antigens and release toxic and inflammatory substances that can damage tissues. Cell-mediated immune reactions can occur in any organ. Treatment usually involves eliminating the offending antigen (if possible) and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs that suppress the immune system, either alone or in combination.   Gr
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Disorders Involving Immune Complexes (Type III Reactions) in Cats
date February 4, 2025
When antibodies bind to persistent antigens, they can create immune complexes. These antigen-antibody complexes can get lodged in small blood vessels and stimulate inappropriate inflammation of the surrounding tissue. Immune complex disorders are among the most common immune-mediated diseases. The location in the body where the immune complexes are deposited determines the signs and the course of the disease.   Glomerulonephritis
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Disorders Involving Cytotoxic Antibodies (Type II Reactions) in Cats
date February 4, 2025
Type II reactions occur when an antibody binds to an antigen present at the surface of its own cells. These reactions can lead to several types of diseases in cats, including anemia, blood clotting problems, and skin and muscle disorders. They may be associated with other immune system disturbances, such as cancers of the lymphoreticular system, or triggered by a drug, vaccine, or infection. Most often, the triggering cause cannot be pinpointed. Immune-mediated hemol
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Disorders Involving Anaphylactic Reactions (Type I Reactions, Atopy) in Cats
date February 4, 2025
In a Type I reaction, the animal has been previously exposed to an antigen and produces an excess of antibodies. If this antigen appears in the blood, the reaction can be either body-wide (such as anaphylactic shock) or localized (such as itchy patches on the skin). If the antigen enters through the skin, a localized reaction is more common.   Anaphylactic Shock Anaphylactic shock
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Immune System Responses in Cats
date February 4, 2025
The primary role of the immune system is to defend the body against foreign invaders or abnormal cells that invade or attack it. To do this, the immune system must distinguish between “self” and “non-self.” By recognizing invading microorganisms (such as viruses), chemical agents, or other foreign substances that are “non-self,” a body can protect itself from attack. Substances that stimulate an immune response in the body are called antigens. Antigens may be contained within or
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The Immune System of Cats
date February 4, 2025
The immune system consists of a network of white blood cells, antibodies, and other substances that fight off infections and reject foreign proteins. In addition, the immune system includes several organs. Some, such as the thymus gland and the bone marrow, are the sites where white blood cells are produced. Others, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and liver, trap microorganisms and foreign substances and provide a place for immune system cells to collect, interact with e
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