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Disorders Involving Cell-mediated Immunity (Type IV Reactions) in Cats

Disorders Involving Cell-mediated Immunity (Type IV Reactions) in Cats
date February 4, 2025
This type of reaction occurs when specific kinds of white blood cells (called T helper cells) respond to antigens and release toxic and inflammatory substances that can damage tissues. Cell-mediated immune reactions can occur in any organ. Treatment usually involves eliminating the offending antigen (if possible) and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs that suppress the immune system, either alone or in combination.   Gr
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Disorders Involving Immune Complexes (Type III Reactions) in Cats
date February 4, 2025
When antibodies bind to persistent antigens, they can create immune complexes. These antigen-antibody complexes can get lodged in small blood vessels and stimulate inappropriate inflammation of the surrounding tissue. Immune complex disorders are among the most common immune-mediated diseases. The location in the body where the immune complexes are deposited determines the signs and the course of the disease.   Glomerulonephritis
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Disorders Involving Cytotoxic Antibodies (Type II Reactions) in Cats
date February 4, 2025
Type II reactions occur when an antibody binds to an antigen present at the surface of its own cells. These reactions can lead to several types of diseases in cats, including anemia, blood clotting problems, and skin and muscle disorders. They may be associated with other immune system disturbances, such as cancers of the lymphoreticular system, or triggered by a drug, vaccine, or infection. Most often, the triggering cause cannot be pinpointed. Immune-mediated hemol
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Disorders Involving Anaphylactic Reactions (Type I Reactions, Atopy) in Cats
date February 4, 2025
In a Type I reaction, the animal has been previously exposed to an antigen and produces an excess of antibodies. If this antigen appears in the blood, the reaction can be either body-wide (such as anaphylactic shock) or localized (such as itchy patches on the skin). If the antigen enters through the skin, a localized reaction is more common.   Anaphylactic Shock Anaphylactic shock
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Immune System Responses in Cats
date February 4, 2025
The primary role of the immune system is to defend the body against foreign invaders or abnormal cells that invade or attack it. To do this, the immune system must distinguish between “self” and “non-self.” By recognizing invading microorganisms (such as viruses), chemical agents, or other foreign substances that are “non-self,” a body can protect itself from attack. Substances that stimulate an immune response in the body are called antigens. Antigens may be contained within or
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The Immune System of Cats
date February 4, 2025
The immune system consists of a network of white blood cells, antibodies, and other substances that fight off infections and reject foreign proteins. In addition, the immune system includes several organs. Some, such as the thymus gland and the bone marrow, are the sites where white blood cells are produced. Others, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and liver, trap microorganisms and foreign substances and provide a place for immune system cells to collect, interact with e
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Neuroendocrine Tissue Tumors in Cats
date February 4, 2025
Neuroendocrine tissues are tissues that have both nervous system and hormone-producing functions. They are found in several locations throughout the body. Tumors develop occasionally from neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal glands, digestive tract, or pancreas. These tumors can be benign or malignant. Even if benign, a growing tumor can disrupt nearby healthy tissues and, in some cases, secrete excess hormone. Overall, these types of tumors are rare in cats, other animals, and pe
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Disorders of the Thyroid Gland in Cats
date February 4, 2025
The thyroid gland is a 2-lobed gland in the neck. It produces 2 iodine-containing hormones, T3 and T4, which affect many processes in the body. In general, the thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, or the speed at which body processes run. Too little hormone causes body processes to be sluggish. Too much causes them to run too fast. Thyroid hormones act on many different cellular processes.
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Disorders of the Pituitary Gland in Cats
date February 4, 2025
The pituitary gland is located near the center and bottom of the brain. It produces a number of critical hormones that control many parts of the body, including several other endocrine glands. Because of this central role, it is sometimes called a “master gland.” A variety of different conditions can be caused by pituitary disease or tumors. The specific illness and signs depend on the cause and the area(s) of the pituitary gland that is affected.  
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Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands and of Calcium Metabolism in Cats
date February 4, 2025
The way in which the body processes calcium and phosphate, the function of vitamin D (which acts more like a hormone than a vitamin), and the formation of bone are all tied together into a system that involves 2 other hormones—parathyroid hormone and calcitonin—that are secreted by the parathyroid and thyroid glands. Disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism that affect the skeletal system are discussed in the topic on bon
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